Revista de nefrología y terapéutica

The point of this investigation was to assess harm of the kidney with Tc99m-DMSA scintigraphy in kids with Antenatal Hydronephrosis (ANH) and the impact of other postnatal related conclusions on anomalous DMSA discoveries. DMSA scintigraphy in 54 kids (17 young ladies and 37 young men), matured from 2 months to 5 years (middle 11 months) with 66 antenatally recognized hydronephrotic Renal Units (RU) (42 one-sided hydronephrosis: 29 young men and 13 young ladies and 12 two-sided hydronephrosis: 8 young men and 4 young ladies) was finished. Male/female proportion was 2.2: 1; one-sided/respective hydronephrosis proportion was 4:1. Hydronephrosis ordered into three gatherings as indicated by ultrasound estimation of the Antero-back Pelvic Diameter APD): Mild (APD 5-9.9 mm) was available in 13/66 RU, moderate (APD 10-14.9 mm) in 25/66 RU and serious (APD≥15 mm) in 28/66 RU. Basic hydronephrosis was available in 15 RU and postnatal related clinical conclusion were Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) in 21, Pelvi Ureteric Junction (PUJ) deterrent in 7, pyelon et ureter duplex in 11, megaureter in 11 and back urethra valves in 1 RU, individually. Static renal scintigraphy was performed 2 to 3 hours after intravenous (iv) infusion of 99m Technetium marked Dimercaptosuccinic corrosive (DMSA) utilizing a portion of 50 ?Ci (1.85 MBq/kg; insignificant portion: 300 ?Ci). Four perspectives (back, left and right back sideways and front) were acquired with a solitary head gamma camera orbiter separated with high goal equal entire collimator. All pictures were put away in a Pegasys PC with a grid size of 256??256. The Relative Kidney Uptake (RKU) between the left and right kidney was determined as a normal number tallies from foremost and back view. Renal pathology was characterized as inhomogenous or central/multifocal take-up deformities of radio pharmaceutical in hydronephrotic kidney or as split renal take-up of <40% and helpless kidney work was characterized as part renal take-up <10%. Unmistakable and expository measurements (SPSS rendition 20.0) were performed. Logical insights inferred the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test for assurance of factually huge distinction between the ordinary and neurotic discoveries on DMSA examine. The default level of noteworthiness was p<0.05. DMSA scintigraphy discoveries in youngsters with ANH were: Decreased or extended kidney with inhomogeneous kidney take-up radiopharmaceutical in 22, unpredictable shape kidney with inhomogeneous amassing of radiopharmaceutical in 3, associated (melded) kidney in 1 patient and ineffectively or nonvisual kidney in 14 RU separately (all out 40/66 renal units with neurotic DMSA finding (60.6%)). Relative aggregation in hydronephrotic kidney was less or equivalent to 40% in 17 renal units, under 10 out of 14 renal units. Inhomogeneous radiopharmaceutical take-up with relative collection over 40% was distinguished in 9 RU. Ordinary kidney morphology with homogeneous gathering of radiopharmaceutical (typical DMSA scintigraphy finding) were found in 26/66 renal units (39.4%). Factually noteworthy relationship between's the level of the hydronephrosis (APD) and DMSA check finding (p<0.001) and between the level of the VUR and DMSA examine finding (p=0.002) was set up. In our examination, other related analysis was not factually associated with obsessive discoveries on DMSA filter. Based on these outcomes we suggest DMSA scintigraphy in the assessment renal pathology in youngsters with ANH. More noteworthy number of patients is required for the estimation of the related determination (other than VUR) impact on the renal parenchymal harm in kids with ANH.

Congenital nephrotic syndrome is defined by the presence of nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and edema, with onset in the first three months of life. It is usually secondary to genetic mutations of the components of the glomerular filtration barrier, although infective causes must be ruled out. Congenital heart disease is extremely rare in congenital nephrotic syndrome, accounting for less than 20% of cases and is mostly associated with podocin mutation. We report a two month girl, presenting with anasarca in the first two months of life and was diagnosed to have congenital nephrotic syndrome. Infectious causes including malaria, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus and rubella were ruled out. In view of a systolic murmur, echocardiography was done which revealed ostium secundum atrial septal defect and branch pulmonary artery stenosis. Genetic analysis showed homozygous single base pair duplication in exon 20 of the NPHS1 gene (chr19:36332624dupG; Depth: 216x) resulting in a frameshift and premature truncation of the protein 6 amino acids downstream to codon 937 (p.Ser937GlnfsTer6; ENST00000378910.5). This is the first case of NPHS1 (nephrin) mutation associated with congenital cardiac disease along with congenital nephrotic syndrome.

Introduction: Intrinsic nephritic disorder characterized as proteinuria prompting clinical side effects not long after birth as long as 3 months. Intrinsic nephrotic disorder of Finnish sort initially alluded to extreme type of proteinuria regularly found in Finnish infant without giving egg whites replacement and dietary help the great pictures of hypoproteinemia create like as summed up edema ,stomach expansion, ascites, umbilical hernia, and enlarged cranial stitches and fontanelles it considered as autosomally latent malady which happen more incessant in Finland (1 of every 8200 live birth) with serious proteinuria starting from fetal period prompts complexities because of protein lack. They are untimely in 80% (before the thirty-multi week) with a mean birth weight of 2600 grams (1500 to 3500) analyzed inside the principal week in 86%.Congenital nephrortic condition has been related with numerous minor useful issues like as hypothyroidism, hypotonia, focal sensory system or metabolic issues for the most part dyslipidemia. Minor cardiovascular discoveries, for example, hypertrophy and mellow aspiratory stenosis have been accounted for in one fourth of the Finnish sort. In this examination, we attempt to discover this occurrence as our cases.

Materials & Methods: During 4.2 years from September 2007 to January 2011, six instances of innate nephritic condition analyzed in our referral community, our measures incorporate diagnosing before month 3, hypoalbuminemia (serum egg whites underneath 2.5 gram/deciliter) and proteinuria in excess of 50 milligram/kilogram/day as cut purpose of nephrotic go proteinuria. Cases related with hepatosplenomegaly and positive intrauterine contaminations overlooked from our investigation. Echocardiography was performed and the sort of basic deformities and boundaries about shunt characters, disgorging and their angles were reordered. Their valvular structures were evaluated in detail by utilizing standard left parallel decubitus position by Vingemed framework with 2.5 megahertz test in the apical four chambers picture. The privilege and left chamber width were estimated at the degrees of mitral and tricuspid annulus valve in millimeter which implies the good ways from the sidelong mass of the correct chamber to the interatrial septum and from the horizontal mass of the left chamber to the interatrial septum moderate tricuspid spewing forth (angle between right chamber and right ventricle 35-50 millimeter of mercury) and serious (pressure inclination between right chamber and right ventricle over 50 millimeter of mercury) considered in our examination for report. The aspiratory valve was fundamentally evaluated in parasternal short hub picture.

Result: During 4.2 years from September 2007 to 2011, six instances of inherent nephrotic disorder alluded to our emergency clinic as a referral medical clinic. Two out of 6 cases analyzed before age of 2 months and 4 out of 6 preceding third months. All gave ascite, whiteness; edema generally kicked the bucket before age of 4 months because of sepsis and intense renal disappointment. Serum egg whites in all cases were under 2 g/dl (mean: 1.3 gram/deciliter), they were conceived in term or close to term pregnancy (mean: multi week of gestational age and 2900 gram weight of birth), the guardians were not related generally (4/6). Tricuspid spewing forth in moderate evaluations was found in 3/6. Pulmonic stenosis were found in 3/6 , in one case it was valvular in other case it was sub pulmonic stenosis and in third it was in fringe parts of pneumonic supply routes that was missed in first attempt. Left ventricular hypertrophy and mitral disgorging was seen in 2 cases

Discussion: Heart contortion along steroid safe nephrotic condition due to podocin change that have some capacity in cardiovascular improvement has been accounted for much of the time 8 yet its heart affiliation depicted once before in a family comprised of four sisters who created steroid safe inborn nephritic disorder created clinical indication of right ventricular surge plot check. In two of the young ladies, affirmation of right ventricular strain was acquired from electrocardiography and chest radiography. In one of the young ladies subpulmonary right ventricular surge lot hindrance was shown at posthumous assessment. Report of minor cardiovascular contortion in one fourth of Finnish patient with gentle utilitarian pneumonic hypertrophy and stenosis, in other report from Malta serious aspiratory stenosis and subaortic stenosis portrayed. As our investigation heart affiliation are regular in innate nephritic disorder as it appears not being coincidental as in two successive kin complex heart basic imperfections fundamentally pulmonic stenosis saw from non related guardians in spite of the fact that in different examinations cardiovascular assessment frequently uncover ventricular hypertrophy however auxiliary deformities are rare12 yet in 6 consanguineous Arabs family heart oddities were seen due to podocin blend deficiency8 in another examination 2 out of 12 patients had heart irregularities chiefly gentle mitral disgorging and left ventricular hypertrophy 13 yet as our examination a few evaluations of heart imperfections can be seen almost taking all things together, and various basic imperfections can be seen in lesser by and large in familial structure, right ventricular hypertrophy occurred in 1 out of 6 and left ventricular hypertrophy in 2 out of 6 patients yet the most significant finding is pulmonic valve stenosis (valvualr or subvalvular) or it might be occurred in fringe some portion of aspiratory course that might be missed from the start without focusing decisively. Tricuspid spewing forth is another normal issue ascribed to expanded aspiratory hypertension in nephrotic disorder that might be found in 7/8 of steroid safe nephrotic condition with delayed disease14 and in moderate to extreme structure is interesting for pneumonic embolism as an inconvenience of nephrotic syndrome.15 As our investigation tricuspid disgorging saw in 3/6 cases may occurred in age as low as fifteenth days.

Conclusions: Intrinsic nephritic disorder is an uncommon occasion in Iran however co-bleakness with cardiovascular distortion is normal, numerous heart abnormalities may occur in non-associated families successively in kin. Aspiratory valve stenosis may occur in all pieces of sub valvular, valvular and fringe parts of pneumonic veins which might be overlooked. Left ventricular hypertrophy with or without mitral spewing forth happened in 2 out of 6 cases, half of patients may have moderate tricuspid disgorging sponsored to some inclining factors like as pneumonic hypertension, embolism or pulmonic stenosis as basic inclining factors it might occur between 15 to 50th.days after birth.

Abstract: The absence of adherence to treatment in relocate patients is an immediate factor related with the loss of join and even passing. Among the instruments to gauge adherence to treatment is the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ). SMAQ is a brief and basic instrument, in light of inquiries to the patient about his propensity in taking prescription, approved to quantify adherence in patients with kidney relocate. Numerous examinations have been directed to survey adherence to treatment and the repercussion in dismissal in patients with helpless adherence, yet up until this point, we don't have any investigation of this sort in Mexico. The National Medical Center of the West (CMNO) has the most number of instances of kidney transfers in pediatric patients in Mexico, consequently, we thought of it as appropriate to play out this investigation in the number of inhabitants in CMNO. The point of this investigation was to decide the relationship of connection to treatment estimated by the SAMQ in the pediatric patients with a background marked by dismissal to kidney transplantation in our medical clinic. We performed cross-over investigation in pediatric patients with kidney relocate of the Pediatric Hospital of CMNO. We audited the clinical records of the patients that came to catch up on January 2017 and applied the SMAQ to those patients. An aggregate of 89 surveys were applied during the period. The SMAQ demonstrated that patients with useful join were clung to the treatment 96.7%, while patients with useless unite had half treatment adherence. Patients without treatment adherence have a higher danger of relocate brokenness (p<0.001). At the point when adherence to treatment is under 95%, the danger of join brokenness is 39% (p=0.006), contrasted with the individuals who show adherence to treatment of 95% or more. In view of the SMAQ, patients who are not clung to treatment and the individuals who have adherence to immunosuppressive treatment of fewer than 95%, have a higher danger of join brokenness.

Introduction: Non-adherence in relocate patients is, somewhat, an immediate reason for or possibly a factor related with unites misfortune and demise. Non-adherence additionally has repercussions on the personal satisfaction of relocate patients, just as on the wellbeing costs related with the basic illness, ordinarily through requiring a subsequent transfer and dialysis.The evaluated level of relocate patients that are resistant with treatment regimens ranges somewhere in the range of 20% and 54%. In renal transfers, the absence of consistence is assessed to add to 20% of intense dismissals and 16% of join misfortunes. Among the elements related with an absence of adherence to immunosuppressive treatment are age, sadness, stress, the quantity of dosages every day, auxiliary impacts of the immunosuppressive treatment, an absence of trust in the endorsed prescription, low patient independence, having gotten the unite from a live contributor, and a lacking social idea of human services. Due to the clinical significance of adherence, it ought to be firmly checked in routine clinical conventions for strong organs beneficiaries. The degree of adherence is particularly significant in renal transfer beneficiaries, since the pace of patients that don't agree to immunosuppressive treatment conventions is higher in this gathering in those that get different sorts of transfers. Adherence can be estimated utilizing a goal estimation (direct perception of the prescriptions utilized) or through roundabout techniques, for example, estimating the amount of medicine in blood or serum tests, natural markers, or electronic checking. There are likewise emotional estimations, for example, clinical feeling or patient declaration. There is no accord on an ideal method for estimating adherence in clinical practice. Notwithstanding, it was indicated that the consolidated utilization of abstract and aberrant techniques gives an exceptionally touchy measure to evaluating consistence. The Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire is a short and straightforward instrument dependent on questions presented legitimately to the patient in regards to his/her medicine taking propensities, which was initially approved for the estimation of adherence in patients on hostile to retroviral treatment. In the field of nephrology, this device has been utilized for assessing consistence with phosphate-restricting treatment in haemodialysis patients, in spite of the fact that it has not been approved for this gathering of patients. In this examination, we present the approval of a SMAQ survey that has been adjusted for use in relocate patients. Our goal was to deliver a device that is appropriate in routine clinical practice, both alone and in blend with aberrant strategies, for recognizing transfer patients that are in danger for rebelliousness with the endorsed immunosuppressive drug, in order to build the control and limit the conceivable unfriendly impacts.

Methods: Our own was an observational epidemiological examination assessing the psychometric properties of the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire in renal transfer recipients.We intended to select a sum of 150 renal join beneficiaries that had experienced kidney relocate in any event one year before their consideration in the investigation. With the goal of expanding the homogeneity of the example and keeping away from the over the top fluctuation related with the immunosuppressive regimens typically utilized in strong organ relocate beneficiaries, we constrained our examination to patients getting tacrolimus, therefore diminishing the potential solutions to those including mixes of this medication with different immunosuppressants usually connected with it. The choice rules utilized were the accompanying: patients 18 years old or more seasoned, with a renal transfer of at any rate 11 months development, and on immunosuppressive treatment with tacrolimus. We additionally believed it to be an essential necessity for investment in the investigation and information assortment that the patient be educated regarding the objectives and strategies for the examination and willful sign the composed educated assent form.The fundamental socio-segment and clinical information were gathered from every patient by the pro specialist. Every patient finished the Morisky-Green scale 16 and the SMAQ, the last including two free meetings did around the same time, one by the master specialist and one by the nursing staff.The Morisky-Green scale is a straightforward scale including just 4 things that ask the patient how he/she agrees to the drug routine endorsed by the specialist. This scale permits us to group patients as agreeable or rebellious. It has been appropriately approved in Spain. The SMAQ survey was created as an alteration of the Morisky-Green poll to gauge adherence to antiretroviral treatment in patients with (AIDS). This survey comprises of six inquiries that assess various parts of patient consistence with treatment: neglect, normal, unfriendly impacts, and a measurement of exclusions. A patient is named rebellious on the off chance that he/she reacts to any of the inquiries with a non-adherence answer, and as far as measurement, if the patient has lost multiple portions during the most recent week or has not taken medicine during in excess of two complete days during the most recent three months. This poll was approved in an example of Spanish patients under treatment with unboosted nelfinavir somewhere in the range of 1998 and 1999. The SMAQ survey subject to approval was a Spanish rendition adjusted for use in relocate patients. The adjustment procedure occurred through master discussions, alongside a patient/master board.

Statistical analysis: The information were gone into a database made explicitly for this reason utilizing STATA factual programming, adaptation 10, which was submitted to ranges and inside intelligibility rules so as to control confusion and/or redresses in the assortment and classification of the information. The starter database included 146 cases got by the end date. Afterward, we performed quality control keeps an eye on the information, investigating and revising any fragmented or inaccurate information. Furthermore, we played out an examination of consistence with the incorporation measures "understanding with a kidney relocate of in any event a year post-relocate development," in light of the period of time between the transfer date and the principal visit for the investigation. This examination prompted the evacuation of two cases that had short of what one year with their transplants. With regard to the investigation, we utilized measurable noteworthiness esteem (α) of 0.05 in all exploratory and logical factual tests. We likewise depicted the example as far as the diverse socio-segment and clinical factors gathered during the investigation. In the examination of the psychometric properties of the SMAQ survey, we considered the between onlooker reproducibility utilizing Cohen's kappa coefficient as a proportion of unwavering quality. In the legitimacy examination, we dissected the relationship between the aftereffects of the survey and the diverse clinical factors identified with adherence. We additionally analyzed the affectability and particularity of the survey (when contrasted with the Morisky-Green scale) in recognizing resistant patients, utilizing the degree of tacrolimus in blood tests as our highest quality level, with sub-target focuses being those under 5ng/ml. At long last, the focalized legitimacy of the review was assessed utilizing an investigation of the relationship between poll scores and those from the Morisky-Green scale. We played out all measurable investigates utilizing STATA factual programming, rendition 10. The breaks down depended on the quantity of sections given for every particular thing, to such an extent that we never doled out qualities â??â??to things with lost qualities. The scores from the surveys, and accordingly the breaks down that included the administration of these scores, were determined uniquely for those patients that had reacted to the entirety of the things for the poll considered.

Result: As we referenced beforehand, the database that we investigated included 144 grown-up patients that had gotten a kidney relocate in any event one year before their incorporation in the examination, and who were experiencing immunosuppressive treatment with tacrolimus. The mean patient age in our example was 50.63 years, and the example was made essentially out of guys. The interim slipped by between the transfer and the primary visit for consideration in our examination was 5.30 years. The base time enrolled was 0.99 years, since one patient was viewed as legitimate as just a couple of days were required so as to follow the 1-year consideration rules. The patients experienced a second transfer in 12.5% â??â??of cases. Tacrolimus was endorsed as an underlying post-relocates immunosuppressive treatment in 84.72% of cases, and 99.31% got steroids. The mean every day portion of tacrolimus endorsed upon incorporation in the investigation was 3.95mg, and mean levels were 6.83ng/ml. In light of as far as possible incentive for tacrolimus of 5ng/ml, 20.14% of patients had sub-target levels. As per the going to doctors shows how patients were ordered by their reactions to the two surveys. As per the SMAQ poll, 39.01% of patients were named rebellious when the study was managed by the specialist, and 41.84% when controlled by the nursing staff. The Morisky-Green scale confirmed that 22.38% of patients were rebellious. For the examination of the psychometric properties of the SMAQ poll, we originally contemplated the degree of concordance between the SMAQ scores for the two unique meetings regulated. As appeared in, the degree of concordance between the outcomes from the meeting with the specialist and the meeting with the medical caretaker was very high, proposing a generally excellent between spectator reproducibility. We inspected the united legitimacy utilizing the relationship between the arrangement created by the SMAQ poll for the two meetings and the score from the Morisky-Green scale. As appeared in, a moderate degree of relationship exists between the two scales. With respect to models legitimacy, this equivalent table shows the negative relationship between adherence as estimated by the SMAQ poll and the ridiculous varieties in immunosuppressive medication levels. There was additionally a practically noteworthy connection between the characterization gave by the SMAQ survey and the going to doctor's impression of the correct consistence with respect to the patient with the immunosuppressive convention. We additionally analyzed the affectability and particularity of the survey in recognizing rebellious patients utilizing the best quality level of the tacrolimus fixation in blood tests. On the off chance that we contrast it with the Morisky-Green scale, the SMAQ survey gives a more prominent affectability and lower particularity, just as a higher level of effectively characterized patients.

Conclusions: In this examination, we endeavored to approve a form of the SMAQ poll so as to acquire a basic instrument for identifying transfer patients that are not consenting to immunosuppressive treatment in typical clinical practice.The survey has satisfactory qualities â??â??of legitimacy and between eyewitness reproducibility. Past investigations demonstrated that the mean resistance with immunosuppressive treatment is 28% in kidney relocate patients, as indicated by understanding declaration. As indicated by the outcomes from our investigation, the adjusted SMAQ has arranged a higher level of rebellious patients than the built up mean, while the Morisky-Green scale ordered a lower number as resistant. The level of resistant patients as per the SMAQ in this examination was likewise higher than the rate from the first approval concentrate for consistence with against retroviral treatment in patients with AIDS, despite the fact that our rate was like distributed qualities â??â??for adherence to phosphate - restricting drug in haemodialysis patients. Utilizing tacrolimus levels in blood tests as our best quality level, the SMAQ poll gives a higher affectability and lower explicitness than the Morisky-Green scale. A higher affectability is profitable in a device, for example, this, since it gives a more prominent intensity of identification of resistant subjects and consequently prompts better clinical development. As a constraint to the examination, we should call attention to that, in spite of the fact that we got a great inclination, the qualities â??â??obtained for affectability and explicitness when contrasted with the characterization utilizing objective/sub-target tacrolimus focuses is far underneath the ideal range for a device of this sort, and beneath the outcomes acquired in the first approval utilizing the outcomes from a prescription observing framework as a best quality level. This is most likely because of the idea of the highest quality level utilized in our examination, since the qualities â??â??obtained utilizing the Morisky-Green scale were likewise far beneath the normal range. We ought to likewise bring up that, in spite of the fact that the outcomes from the SMAQ survey were related with clinical assessment on tolerant adherence, the pace of rebellious patients as indicated by the clinical reports didn't reach 6%, though the rate dependent on the poll surpassed 39 % (22%, as per the Morisky-Green scale). Then again, over 20% of patients had sub-target tacrolimus values â??â??in blood tests. The contrasts between proficient discernment and the outcomes from the tests and dissects are as per the basic under-location paces of helpless adherence in this sort of patient, 18 which shows the requirement for a consistence estimation device that is material in day by day practice for a superior discovery and follow-up of resistant patients. As respects the investigation of the psychometric properties of the survey, the degree of between spectator concordances was higher than that gotten in the first approval of the poll. The survey likewise shows satisfactory joined and standards legitimacy, by being connected with the Morisky-Green scale and the clinical boundaries investigated, which drives us to presume that the adjusted SMAQ poll had sufficient psychometric properties – unwavering quality and legitimacy for recognizing transfer patients that are resistant with immunosuppressant drug in typical clinical practice.

Aneurysms are a typical and regularly troublesome inconvenience seen with arteriovenous vascular access for haemodialysis. The reason for this story audit is to characterize and depict the size of the issue and proposed helpful procedures. A story audit of the distributed writing represented by singular cases is given the point of summing up the pertinent writing. The meanings of aneurysm are conflicting all through the writing and along these lines methodical audit is unthinkable. They differ from subjective depictions to quantitative definitions utilizing total size, relative size and furthermore size in addition to qualities. The rate and etiology are additionally not well characterized yet partition into genuine aneurysms and bogus, or pseudoaneurysms might be useful in arranging treatment, which might be preservationist, careful or radiological. The absence of valuable definitions and characterization alongside the huge number of the executives methodologies proposed make firm proof based determinations hard to make. Further powerful all around structured investigations are required to characterize best practice for this normal problem.The number of patients with end-stage renal malady have consistently expanded and got a few upgrades in hemodialysis procedures which have prompted broadened future. Pseudoaneurysms occurrences were recorded to be 2% to 10% of dialysis get to unites. It caused 0.4-1.6% of passings in US Haemodialysis (HD) patients. 52% were brought about by get to disease skin trustworthiness of AVF/AVG. To guarantee sufficient haemodialysis medicines, a well-working vascular access (VA) is an essential in dialysis patients. Confusions of VA are normal and speak to a significant reason for hospitalization in haemodialysis patients with 36–39% of affirmations identified with dialysis get to [1, 2]. The mean length of remain was 5.3 ± 4.6 days, with a mean emergency clinic expenses of 41 896 ± 20 318 US$ [3]. Of the numerous intricacies that may compromise the life span of VA, aneurysms speak to a critical test which undermines the both the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and the patient.

I am pleased to introduce International Journal of Nephrology & Therapeutics (JNT) which is an open access electronic journal aiming to provide an online compendium for functioning of kidney & preventive and therapeutic measures in overcoming them and creates a platform for the authors to make their contribution towards the journal.  The editorial office peer reviews the submitted manuscripts to ensure quality. We have been started in year 2011 International Journal of Nephrology & Therapeutics (ISSN: 2161-0959) is growing continuously. It is our pleasure to announce that during year 2020, all issues of volume 10 were published online on time and the print issues were also brought out and dispatched within 30 days of publishing the issue online.

All published articles of this journal are included in the indexing and abstracting coverage of CAS Source Index (CASSI), Index Copernicus, Google Scholar, Sherpa Romeo, Academic Journals Database, GenamicsJournalSeek, JournalTOCs, CiteFactor, Electronic Journals Library, RefSeek, Hamdard University, EBSCO A-Z, Directory of Abstract Indexing for Journals, World Catalogue of Scientific Journals, OCLC- WorldCat, Scholarsteer, SWB online catalog, Virtual Library of Biology (vifabio), Publons, Dtufindit, Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research.

During the calendar year 2020, International Journal of Nephrology & Therapeutics received a total of 30 papers, out of which 6 articles were rejected in the preliminary screening due to plagiarism or being out of the format and peer review process. During 2020 around 16 articles were subjected for publication after they are accepted in the peer review process. In the 4 issues of Volume 10 published during the year 2020, a total of 16 articles were published (at an average of 3 articles per issue of which, articles were published from authors all around the world. A total of 30 research scientists from all over the world reviewed the 16 articles published in volume 10. Average publication period of an article was further reduced to 14-21 days.

During the calendar year 2020, a total of three Editors, ten Reviewers joined the board of JNT and contributed their valuable services towards contribution as well as publication of articles, and their valuable reviewer comments will beneficial to publish quality of article in the Journal.

I take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Editor-in-chief and Associate Editor during the final editing of articles published and bringing out issues of JNT in time. I would also like to express my gratitude to all the authors, reviewers, the publisher, language editor, honorary editors, the scientific advisory and the editorial board of JNT, the office bearers for their support in bringing out the new volume (Volume 10) of JNT for the calendar year 2020 and look forward to their unrelenting support further to release more issues for International Journal of Nephrology & Therapeutics JNT in scheduled time.