Revista de nefrología y terapéutica

Chronic Kidney Disease is a significant complication in diabetic patients, often leading to end-stage renal disease. Recent studies have identified Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors as an effective therapeutic class for not only managing hyperglycemia but also for slowing the progression of CKD in diabetic patients. This review discusses the mechanisms by which SGLT2 inhibitors exert renoprotective effects, examines clinical trial data, and explores the implications for treatment strategies in diabetic nephropathy. Our findings suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduce the risk of CKD progression, providing a promising avenue for improving long-term renal outcomes in diabetic patients.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common and severe condition characterized by a sudden decline in kidney function, often resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Early detection of AKI is crucial for improving patient outcomes, yet traditional diagnostic methods, primarily based on serum creatinine levels, are often delayed and inadequate. This review explores recent advancements in the identification and validation of novel biomarkers for the early detection of AKI. We discuss the biological roles of these biomarkers, their clinical utility, and the challenges associated with their implementation in routine clinical practice. The review highlights promising biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and interleukin-18 (IL-18), which have shown potential in detecting AKI at earlier stages, thereby enabling timely interventions. These novel biomarkers could revolutionize AKI management by providing more sensitive and specific tools for early diagnosis.

Hyperkalemia, defined as an elevated serum potassium level, is a common and potentially life-threatening complication of Chronic Kidney Disease. As kidney function declines, the ability to excrete potassium diminishes, leading to its accumulation in the blood. Hyperkalemia can result in severe cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness, necessitating prompt and effective management. This article reviews the underlying mechanisms of hyperkalemia in CKD, including impaired renal potassium excretion, altered cellular distribution of potassium, and the impact of medications such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors. Additionally, we discuss various strategies for managing hyperkalemia in CKD patients, ranging from dietary modifications and potassium-binding agents to the use of novel pharmacological treatments. Understanding these mechanisms and management strategies is crucial for optimizing care and preventing the adverse outcomes associated with hyperkalemia in CKD.

Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for End-Stage Renal Disease, offering improved survival and quality of life compared to dialysis. However, the success of renal transplantation is heavily dependent on the effective management of immunosuppression to prevent graft rejection while minimizing adverse effects. This meta-analysis examines the impact of various immunosuppressive therapies on renal transplant outcomes, including graft survival, patient survival, acute rejection rates, and long-term complications. By analyzing data from multiple randomized controlled trials and cohort studies, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the efficacy and safety profiles of different immunosuppressive regimens. Our findings suggest that while newer immunosuppressive agents have improved graft survival rates, they are associated with an increased risk of infection and malignancy. This study highlights the need for personalized immunosuppressive strategies to optimize transplant outcomes while minimizing risks