Astrofísica y tecnología aeroespacial

The primary cause of the high-energy particle acceleration of cosmic rays and solar-particle events is first-order Fermi diffusive shock acceleration. The importance of the maximum rigidity is that it governs the effective depth in the atmosphere that accelerated particles can reach. Because the rigidity is a function of the particle energy, a high rigidity implies a high energy and thus a more intense hadronic cascade and greater atmospheric penetration. Because of their high energies, cosmic rays can penetrate the Earth’s surface and be measured underground. However, whether solar-particle events will produce significant radiation exposure at aircraft altitudes depends on the maximum rigidity resulting from the shock. First-order shock acceleration is governed by the speed of the shock, the local magnetic field the length of time the shock continues and the strength of the shock. These factors are combined in a simple equation which provides a simple model for the maximum rigidity resulting from the shock. The equation derived from these considerations accounts reasonably well for cosmic-ray and solar-particle maximum rigidities.

This paper defends Dialectical materialism's world outlook, and in detail criticizes idealism's finite space-time to use modern scientific theory and observed facts from different ways and points of view, and reveals the absurdity and radical mistakes of universal big bang, the expansion and contraction of universe are proved to circulate repeatedly, the singular point of big bang didn’t exist, more reasonably explain cosmic microwave background radiation, and in the same time recommend a new steady state model of universal evolution, which corresponds with infinite space-time, give out the mechanism of formation and evolution of galaxies and celestial bodies based on the continuous generation of matter, and prove galaxies and celestial are growing up with the expansion of universe, and besides, the earth dynamics is taken in the framework of cosmology, earthquake proves the performance of the earth growing up, rather than so-called plate collision.

In this paper the experimentally verified Stephan Boltzmann Law and Planks law are used to calculate the Cosmic Microwave Background or CMB radiation received on earth in all directions from the sky. This radiation from SUN, planets, asteroids, stars, interstellar dust and Galaxies is in Microwave range covering all the frequencies including the K, Ka, Q, V and W bands as measured in WMAP mission. This method explains theoretically about the origin, propagation uniformity of CMB in our universe. The reasons for this amazing theoretical uniformity are many. One of the reasons is the uniformity of stars and Galaxies in all most all directions in the sky. Another reason is the averaging done by main lobe of dish antenna for few degrees around the main direction, which is a measuring instrument sensor of WMAP satellite. In addition, the side lobe pickup of bright sources in the sky also adds to the problem, which depends on the three-dimensional gain pattern of the dish. Additional analysis is done, which results into large angle multipole-l systematic errors. It is found that NO additional Bigbang generated Microwave background radiation was there after excluding radiation from Stars and Galaxies in these WMAP CMB measurements.