Revista de ciencia e ingeniería textil

Nowadays, the extraction of textile dyes from the wastewater in industry becomes an environmental worldwide issue. Water contamination is a big threat of not only for state of the environment but human body causes some chronic diseases. Textile dyes are worn to several types of products by fabrication, for paper, leather, plastic and some products, used in human daily life. Despite of containing various hazardous chemicals into textile dyes, it is necessary to be discharged from effluents of waste-water of industry through treatment as quick as possible. A number of technologies of different processes are effectively carried out for the treatment of industrial waste water by removal of colors. A variety of textile dyes is having different chemical structure with different properties dealing with the activity of industrial reaction. By reviewing of effects of textile dyes such as toxicity and mutagenicity, bacteria and organism embedded a prologue of the expulsion of metals to the environment. Certainly, for the dominion of textile dyes removal, adsorption can be regarded as effective method used by activated carbon, bentonite clay as adsorbent for the wastewater treatment in industry. Predominantly, it is a critical review of literature conferred the removal of textile dyes for the treatment of industrial wastewater by using techniques, technologies, adsorbents thoroughly. Certainly, Adsorption is the sole and ultimate approach for removal of textile dyes through the industrial wastewater treatment. This literature shows the feasibility of minimum cost adsorbent in term of maximum outcome of industrial wastewater treatment for textile dyes removal.

Extracted cellulose from Posidonia oceanica was used as an adsorbent for removal of a cationic (Basic blue 9, BB) and anionic textile dye (Acid blue 25, AB) from aqueous solution in single dye system. Characterization of the extracted cellulose and extracted cellulose-dye systems were performed using several techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), zeta potential and Boehm acid– base titration method. Adsorption tests showed that the extracted cellulose presented higher adsorption of BB than AB in single dye system, revealing that electrostatic interactions are responsible, in the first instance, for the dye– adsorbent interaction. In single dye systems, the extracted cellulose presented the maximum adsorption capacities of BB and AB at 0.955 and 0.370 mmol.g-1, respectively. Adsorption experiments of AB dye on extracted cellulose saturated by BB dye exhibited the release of the latter dye from the sorbent which lead to dye-dye interaction in aqueous solution due to electrostatic attraction between both species. Interaction of BB and AB dyes were investigated using spectrophotometric analysis and results demonstrated the formation of a molecular complex detected at wavelengths 510 and 705 nm when anionic (AB) and cationic (BB) dye were taken in equimolar proportions. The adsorption isotherm of AB, taking into account the dye-dye interaction was investigated and showed that BB dye was released proportionately by AB equilibrium concentration. It was also observed that AB adsorption is widely enhanced when the formation of the molecular complex is disadvantaged.

The effect of eight different spinning front and back line cots (Synthetic rubber cot) varying only in shore A hardness (65°,83°) on 100% cotton 30’s ring spun yarn has been investigated. The change in cotton yarn properties like mass uniformity, unevenness percent, Imperfection levels (in all class) with progressive change in shore A hardness has also been reported. The count and process parameter’s from opening and cleaning machines that covers blow room and carding then breaker and finisher drawing, speed frame and up to ring spinning kept identical. As one progress from lesser shore hardness (65°) to higher shore hardness (83°) the yarn unevenness percent and imperfection levels gradually increases.

Local is global and global is local. Globalization changed the way we view society for the past decades and it presents advantages and disadvantages. Although to be global means an increased cultural intertwining or a higher flow of information and a social tolerance as well as the existence of a world market that enables productivity and accessibility they are also disadvantages related to the loss of cultural identity of certain cultures or sustainable issues that must be addressed. On the other hand, this new century’s challenges and issues are often strongly related to the usage of nonrenewable resources and production procedures putting at risk the environment and people’s health. Regarding textiles, or its resources, the growing concern over environmental quality and users health has led to a gradual interest of the reintroduction of natural dyes (and preservation of biodiversity) into the fashion and textile design industries as opposed to the current production processes. This study analyses the evolution of natural dyes and colour throughout the centuries focusing in the sustainability of textile industry and the conservation of biodiversity, local production and ancient knowledge on dyeing techniques. It also reveals that a revival of natural dyes (and ancient/local know how) in addiction to new cutting edge technologies (such as biotechnology) allows for an industrial feasibility. Results also indicate significant reduced environmental impact and new strategies for sustainable development regarding colours for textiles..

The cotton base fabric with plain weave was coated with different coating formulations for exploring the best possible formulation for achieving reasonably good waterproofing and breathability. The coated fabrics were manufactured with Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) resin, mixture of PVC and Polyurethane (PU) and PVC mixed with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)/Ethylene Glycol (EG) additives. The properties of coated fabric were studied for two solutions of coagulation bath. The characteristics of coating film were studied by subjecting the coated fabric samples to water treatment. The film porosity was found to be high for all cases, corresponding to low rate of coagulation. Also it was observed that on washing the porosity of film was increased. The fabric coated with mixture of PVC and PU formulation found to give best breathability (around 60 to 75% of control fabric) with water penetration resistance exceeding 150 cm head of water.

Aging of geotextile, which is widely used as reforming medium in structures, attracted a great deal of attention in recent years, as it is very important to the stability of the whole work. Especially, the prediction of geotextile’s aging-time has become one of the focuses nowadays. In this study, four types of nonwoven geotextiles was used in tests, which are heat bounding, needle punched, chemical adhesive, and supporting by thread. The modified EPA 9090 test method was applied to compare the chemical resistance in pH 8 for agricultural wasting water in Syria. The immersion conditions are 30~90 days under 25°C and 50°C respectively. On other hand, chemical resistance of these nonwoven geotextiles was estimated by the average retentions of mechanical properties before/after exposure in the above chemical solution. However, the relied mechanical properties are grab tensile response, trapezoidal tear strength, and CBR puncture strength testes. In addition, we have compared between specimens in related to pore size volume, thickness, weight per m2, and row material. Transmissivity of geotextile for drainage were slightly decreased in pH8 solution. Finally, needle punched nonwoven geotextile has the best resistance to the tensile, tear, and puncture before and after aging.

In this research work, the woven fabric samples of cotton, polyester PC blend, glass and silk materials have been selected to analyze the electrostatic discharge behavior of various woven fabrics using electrostatic discharge tester. The electrostatic discharge is mainly depends upon various controlled factors of electrostatic discharge tester hence, the controlled factors of number of rubbing cycle (20, 30 and 40 strokes), pressure (100,150 and 200 gms), speed (10, 20 and 30 mpm) were considered and analyzed the electrostatic discharge behaviors of various woven fabrics under various temperature and relative humidity using Box Behnken design and regression analysis. It was found that the glass and silk woven fabric have greatest tendency to give up electrons and gain a positive electrical charge but in case of polyester woven fabric have the greatest tendency to attract electrons and gain a negative electrical charge. It was observed that glass woven fabrics have more electrostatic discharge value than the polyester, PC blend, silk and cotton woven fabrics and it was also found that higher number of rubbing cycle, pressure and speed have significant effects on the electrostatic discharge properties of various types of woven fabrics.

The trials were under taken to screen print silk fabric with Butea monosperma flower dye extract using natural thickening against i.e. cassia seed gum and mango kernel gum with two mordant. Copper Sulphate and Ferrous Sulphate was selected for the experiments. The screen printed samples were studied for color fastness properties and CIE LAB values. Results of silk screen printed samples with both the mordant exhibited very good to excellent results fastness rating for light, washing, rubbing and perspirations. The results revealed that silk fabric can successfully screen printed with natural dye and natural thickening agents

A tandem mass spectrometric method using a commercial quadrupole–time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer is described for the identification of sulfonated anthraquinone type dyes, having a 1-amino anthraquinone-2- sulfonate backbone. A total of 9 anthraquinone dye model compounds were evaporated and ionized via negative-ion electrospray ionization (ESI). Ionization of the sulfonated anthraquinone compounds primarily results in the formation of deprotonated molecules, [M-H]-. Once ionized, the ions were subjected to collision-activated dissociation (CAD). The type of neutral molecules or ions cleaved during CAD facilitates identification of the original compound. In most cases, a loss of 64 amu was observed for all dyes and was confirmed to be SO2 by high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. A unimolecular rearrangement of the sulfonate (SO3) group was triggered by CAD that allowed loss of SO2. Also, it was found that different group functionalities attached to the anthraquinone backbone (e.g., secondary aromatic amines and secondary alkyl amines) have specific fragmentation pathways that can be used to distinguish them under similar CAD conditions. For example, an anthraquinone having a secondary amine with an aromatic group attached to it (e.g., Acid Blue 25) can be differentiated from an anthraquinone having a secondary alkyl amine (e.g., Acid Blue 62) based on the product ions. The resultant fragmentation patterns could contribute to the identification of unknown dyes with similar chemical structures. The method was also successfully used in concert with targeted CAD for quantification purposes. The methodology presented here is the first stage in building a high resolution mass spectrometry dye database from the extensive uncatalogued Max Weaver Dye Library at North Carolina State University.

Generation mean analysis was carried out to estimate the nature and magnitude of gene effects for fibre quality traits in three crosses of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L). The presence of epistasis was reflected by scaling tests and inadequacy of simple additive-dominance model for most of the characters studied. The results obtained revealed that the nature and magnitude of gene effects differed in different crosses and showed importance of additive as well as non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of different characters. In view of the parallel role of additive and non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of different characters, selection in the segregating generations should be delayed when dominance gene effects would have diminished or sophisticated selection procedures as recurrent selection and population improvement programmes may be followed. However, additive gene effects may be fixed with respect to some specific traits such as micronair value and fibre strength.

An experiment conducted to spun 6’s, 12’s count on well-maintained open end machine by changing opening roller speed i.e.,7000 and 8000 rpm. Present investigation reveals that, as increases opening roller speed yarn properties Like Rkm, Unevenness, total IPI improved, but there is marginal improvement in U% and RKM, and drastic reduction in total IPI, of the both yarn count. Investigation also summarized that as increases opening roller speed the cleaning intensity increases, deposition of trash in rotor groove increases leads to increase end breakages for both count. For reducing the end breakages frequency of cleaning rotors were suggested. This study also gives the difference between the properties of yarns which are produced from two different opening roller speeds. The quality parameters of the yarns produced were evaluated on an Uster Evenness Tester, the Uster Tensorapid with a testing speed of 250 mm/m and the UT4 with a testing speed of 400 m/m.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the biodegradability of flax and linen when the said materials undergoes soil buriel test. In this technique, the microorganisms are responsible for the biodegradation of fibres. The degradation of material being analyzed through naked eye to electron microscope, through IR-spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The time period taken by the microorganism to consume completely the natural fibre is alsostudied.

For developing finishing methods and broadening their assortment, the research has explored raising and sueding methods in order to find out how these two finishing processes affect the aesthetic, dimensional and functional properties of dyed knitted fabric. In this work, three types of sample fabrics namely three thread fleece or Chief Value Cotton (CVC) fleece, two thread terry or organic fleece and 2x2 rib were used. CVC fleece was produced from yarns of count 30 Ne and 20 Ne respectively. Organic fleece and 2x2 rib were produced from 100% cotton. In this task, we studied six aspects of test results viz. the GSM test, shrinkage test, bursting strength test, spirality test, pilling test and Color fastness to wash. In addition, Wales per Inch (WPI), Course per Inch (CPI), stitch length, stitch density, course length was taken into consideration. The testing procedures were performed meticulously under ideal testing standards. The test results affirm significant effects regarding GSM, shrinkage, bursting and spirality test. No variation of pilling and color fastness of samples subjected to raising and seuding was noted.