Revista de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental

The lack of level land in slope territory has driven the construction of building on slope Slant. Due to the slope of the land, structures in hilly terrain have unique structural configurations that use varying foundation levels. The asymmetry and irregularity of the building's vertical and horizontal directions provides a noticeable dynamic feature in the shape of the structure on the slope.

On sloping terrain, set-back, step-back, and step-back set-back buildings are the most common building configurations to be seen. In current research work, step-back set-back building are used alongside flat-slab buildings with drop-panel and perimetric beams on sloping land with different gradients. The drop panels are provided to prevent punching shear failure and perimetric beams are provided to reduce the displacement. The different models of G+9 storey building that are considered in the present study are as follows; model M1-structure resting on 0° slope, 2) Model M2-structure resting on 15° slope, 3) Model M3-structure resting on 30° slope in seismic zone V. The building models and characteristics as such storey shear, storey displacement, storey drift, storey stiffness and torsional irregularity are examined while doing the static, dynamic, and time history analysis. In the present study, the storey displacement is found maximum for model M1 and with the increase in slope the storey displacement gets reduced. The storey drift ratio is found more in model M1 and with the increase in slope, the drift decrease. The storey shear is more prevalent in model M1 when compared to other two models. Also there is an irregular variation in storey shear for models M2 and M3. During the design inspection, the short-column effect is observed in columns with restricted height owing to the slope of the ground. The torsional irregularity in all the building models is found to be within safe permissible limits as per IS-1893 2016. The tabular findings and a graphical comparison of the results are provided.

The world produces 50 million tons of electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) per year, according to a recent UN report, but only 20% is formally recycled. The rest ends up in landfill, or is recycled informally in developing nations. E-waste recycling market in India is predominantly controlled by unorganized sector due to absence of stringent laws and policy framework. Electronics products in the country are reaching their end of life sooner than expected, which has created immense pressure on the government to come up with appropriate laws to promote e-waste recycling and management. Most electronics that are improperly thrown away contain some form of harmful materials such as beryllium, cadmium, mercury and lead. These materials might be trace elements, but when added up in volume, the threat to the environment is significant. However electronic waste also contains fair percentage of precious metals like Cu, Ag, Au, Pt etc. These metals can be recovered from e-waste at cheaper cost than from the usual ores. Several techniques are used to recover precious metals like copper, silver and gold. This paper deals with the collection and segregation of precious metal rich e-waste scrap and leaches zinc and Aluminium effectively by adopting the technique namely Electrodeposition. The composition of Zinc and Aluminium present in the resultant leached product from each technique is analyzed by EDS. A manual comparison of purity, yield percentage, energy consumption will be tabulated and optimization for the three processes will be simulated using Response Surface Methods (RSM) in design-expert software v.11.

Aim of this paper is software package utilized towards a practical application by considering problem of natural draught hyperbolic cooling towers. This paper deals with the study of hyperbolic cooling tower of 120 m high above ground level. This cooling tower has been analyzed for wind load using ANSYS by assuming fixity at the shell base. For this analysis a single case of the tower with alternative ‘I’ and ‘V’ supports is taken up. The wind load on this cooling towers has been calculated in the form of pressure by using the circumferentially distributed design wind pressure coefficients as given in IS: 11504-1985 code along with the design wind pressures at different levels as per IS: 875 (Part 3)-1987 code. The analysis has been carried out using and 4-noded shell element. The vertical distribution of membrane forces along and the circumferential distributions at base, throat and top levels have been studied for the cooling tower.

A synthetic man-made material that contains different types of organic polymers having heavy molecular weight such as polyethylene, PVC etc. when it is soft, it can be easily moulded to any form. And when it turns hard, it becomes rigid or slightly elastic in nature and it is called as plastic. Plastic takes a long time to degrade because of that it is durable also, this long time to degrade is because plastic can easily resist the natural process of degradation. There are two types of plastic 1) Thermoset and 2) Thermoplastics. Thermoset plastics are that kind of plastic which once set cannot be reversed by the means of heat. Whereas thermoplastics are those which can be reversed by providing heat to it.

In the construction industry, the occurrence of delay is a common issue which then, is responsible for the extension of the project time from its original deadline. This study investigates the causes of delay in construction industry due to multiple reasons which involves different factors along with its effect on the duration of the project, by conducting a survey and then questionnaire was prepared by consulting construction site personnel, which lists a number of causes. Study concludes that the most important five factors which were responsible for the delay and have the following RII values respectively- 0.60, 0.59, 0.52, 0.48 and the 5th rank has two factors whose RII value were same that is 0.43.

This research focuses on the placing of special type of soil reinforcing material called as Composite Geotextile (CGT) in the red laterite soil for the improvement of the strength properties like California bearing ratio. In this study this CGT was placed at different depths from the top of the surface and the CBR values are studied in the soaked and unsoaked conditions. At the depth ratios of 0.25 D, 0.5 D and 0.75 D these CGTs are placed in a CBR mould and Load tests are conducted. The results show that the CGT layer has a significant effect on the behaviour of laterite soil, such as load carrying capacity and the efficiency of the reinforcements. Reinforcing with CGT resulted in a substantial increase in strength of the soaked and unsoaked samples due to confinement of stone dust layer between geotextiles, it act as a strong reinforcing material. In this article, the load-penetration characteristics and CBR values of unreinforced and reinforced lateritic soil during the loading process are examined.

The continuing growth of population density in urban areas around the world has placed greater emphasis on the utilization and development of underground space to meet the increasing demands of the city. Due to limited land space available in downtown areas, many cities in the world are also embarking on integration of major construction projects of metro infrastructure, commercial developments and residential estates etc., to meet the growing demand of infrastructure. Construction project in an urban area necessitates the involvement of internal and external stakeholders in the planning phase of the project and requires managing the expectations of the stakeholders throughout the project. This paper will present a case study to depict the ways for managing the stakeholders affected due to the construction project in an urban environment. Stakeholder management in construction projects which are of national importance is even more challenging and complex than private projects. To make the project successful, it is very important to identify all the stakeholders and engage them in early phases of project. The very task of managing the different priorities and requirements of internal and external stakeholder groups at various stages of project is tedious in itself. This paper will describe the different strategies and present 2 case studies to manage the expectations of various stakeholders during the construction works in a densely populated area.

Most defects during construction projects are due to human errors which happen due to poor workmanship. This study involved 8 simply supported RC T-beams subjected to uniformly distributed load at both-edges of slab. The investigated parameters were the effect of malposition of slab reinforcement, unequal configuration of slab reinforcement and change in bar diameter of slab reinforcement. The experimental results showed that; malposition of slab reinforcement leads to a lower load carrying capacity of the slab and consequently flexural resistance decreased and slab deflection increased. The irregularity of the reinforcing bars in concrete slab affected the load carrying capacity of T-beam. Well-arranged distribution of reinforcement improves the ductile behavior of slab and reduced value of deflections at failure. Using reinforcing steel bars with diameters higher than 8mm in the reinforcement helped the slab to withstand more loads. The use of 10mm diameter in reinforcement of the slab enhances the serviceability of T-beams.

The term "geopolymer" was created and applied by Davidovits, a French scientist, in 1979 to represent a kind of inorganic polymer with SiO₄ and A₁O₄ tetrahedral being the structural units. In general, geopolymers as a class of inorganic polymer are formed by reaction between an alkaline solution [e.g., sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate] and an aluminosilicate sources such as metakaolin, fly ash, and slag. Nowadays, geopolymer studies are receiving commendably increasing attention because they may be used as a viable economical alternative to organic polymers and inorganic cements in diverse applications, such as military, aircraft high-tech ceramics thermal insulating foams fire-proof building materials protective coatings refractory adhesives and hybrid inorganicorganic composites. This interest is due to their exceptionally high thermal and chemical stability, excellent mechanical strength, adhesive behavior and long-term durability. In addition, early researcher have demonstrated that geopolymers are cheap to produce and can be made from a great number of minerals and industrial by-products, including pozzolana, natural aluminosilicate minerals, metakaolin fly ash granulated blast furnace slag fly ash and kaolinite mixture fly ash and metakaolin mixture red mud and metakaolin mixture and red mud and fly ash mixture. Moreover, they are environmentally friendly materials from the point of view of reducing green house effects caused by CO₂ emission from the manufacturing of Portland cement.

Background: The sustainability indexes in water distribution systems were measured for pressure junction and pipeline velocity based upon performance criteria (reliability, resilience, and vulnerability

Methods: The values of pressure and water velocity are used to determine these criteria, which Performances Sustainability Index (PSI) for pipeline velocity and PSI for pressure. The estimated PSI value evaluates the overall sustainability score for the entire zone in the water distribution network.

Results: This PSI was based upon performance for both pressure and velocity in the distribution systems by estimating its reliability, resilience, and vulnerability indicators through the systems. Therefore, the simulated hydraulic performance in the extended state was 19.6% high, 34.7% low, and 45.7% normal pressure junction due to low elevation and large pipe size. Whereas 6.4% is the lowest velocity <0.56 m/s and 11.8% is the highest water velocity >2.5 m/s recorded. Hence, for both pressure and velocity, the average reliability is 0.28, which is unsatisfactory, resilience 0.424, vulnerability 0.47. The overall sustainability index was 0.399, which represents the aggregate sum of the performance of the water supply distribution network based on the values of technical performance indicators, especially pressure and velocity.

Conclusion: Hence, the existing water supply distribution network of Jaldu town was unsustainable.