Revista de investigación del cerebro

In addition to PTSD, the patient may only exhibit symptoms of one or more comorbid disorders, and these symptoms may or may not indicate a connection between the patient's condition and the traumatic event. There are significantly fewer cases of "life-long" PTSD in Europe than there are in the United States, according to a 2004 study by ESEMeD on a sample of 21,425 people in six European countries, with 2.9% of women and 0.9% of men experiencing the condition. Therefore, a patient's trauma history should be routinely inquired about in order to treat the underlying cause of a problem rather than just its symptoms. Fear and an unanticipated emotion render the patient speechless, making them appear insensitive and unresponsive. They also exhibit feelings of sadness, stupor, lethargy, laziness, and a general lack of reactivity.

Post-traumatic stress disorder has been linked to the dopamine, norepinephrine, endorphin, serotonin, and oxytocin systems, as well as the mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine, norepinephrine, endorphin, serotonin, and oxytocin systems. On the other hand, very little is known about how these different systems interact, and no well-known unified theory has yet emerged. This review suggests that galanergic suppression of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental might be the missing link in a post-traumatic feedback loop.

A After experiencing traumatic stress, women are more likely than men to experience symptoms of a number of mental health issues, such as nightmares and difficulty sleeping. People with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently continue to struggle with sleep issues even after completing cognitive behavioral therapy. Imagery rehearsal therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, or a combination of these methods may help traumatized women deal with nightmares and insomnia. Traumatized women may benefit from having their nightmares alleviated through the use of proposing in conjunction with other psychotropic medications or psychotherapy.