Revista de Artes y Ciencias Sociales

As of all African-American literature, August Wilson's century cycle plays are of significance concerning African- American vernacular. After emancipation, the continued subordination of Blacks represented as an inferior race was justified by the denigration of central characteristics of Black identity such as language. The double-consciousness of the African-American, as mentioned by W.E. DuBois, has brought about differences not only in the social lives of the African-Americans but also in their use of the English language. Seven Guitars is a play in which the interactions between the characters and their language is particularly noticeable. Among the well-known scholars in the field of African-American Literature, Henry Louis Gates is celebrated for his in-depth research concerning African-American Literature, specifically its origins and ancestral connections. Gates posits that the African-American dialect has its roots in ancestral backgrounds. This paper aims to highlight the figuration of everyday language of African- Americans in Seven Guitars and the ways it brings out the personality of each character with emphasis on the work of Gates. It also brings forth the eminent role of ancestral roots and heritage underlying the lives of African- Americans.

Humans are social animals; their success in life is largely a matter of successful social relations and social relations are fully depends on peace situation. ‘Peace Situation’ in education is an important topic all over the world. The concept and status of peace ranks are most controversial issues in the present world. Peace always carries a positive connotation; almost everybody admits to maintain peace; world peace is widely accepted as prime goals of humanity. James Page rightly stated ‘peace situation’ be carry out always as “encouraging a commitment to peace as a settled disposition and enhancing the confidence of the individual as an individual agent of peace”. It is fact that school children regularly observe various peace disturbing behaviour, violent or crime in their school. In this situation, it is urgent need to know the peace situation in schools so that teachers, management, related stakeholders can intervene for whole disturbances in peace situation of the schools.

Abu Muhammad ‘Abd Allah b. Muslim al-Dinawari al-Kufi also known as Ibn Qutayba (d.276/889) was the first literary critic who made a rigid distinction between lafż and ma’nā. Being both a theologian and a man of letters, he never tried to put one above the other. At least, no explicit statement indicates his preference of lafż over ma’nā or vice versa. His analysis is very interesting in terms of its division and classification. However, his conclusions have opened him to many attacks, especially by modern critics, as will be discussed later in this paper. This research paper is going to discuss extensively on the foregoing issues and also elaborate more on some connected analysis on word and content (lafz and ma‘na) in Arabic literary critical circle.

The present paper briefly provides a literature based review of how the social media affects small and mediumsized enterprises in the Arab world. As established by previous research, advances in the social media are enabling social and cultural changes, helping congregate regional markets for higher sales, advancing ideology of and modernizing contemporary businesses, transforming traditional business approaches, molding unique markets for marketing, and initiating consumer-focused communication/marketing. Similarly, the impact of social media across the Middle East is significantly evident, progressive, and unique in the geographical region. Numerous scholars and researchers have already established that social media usage by small and middle-sized businesses is gaining prominence in the Arab region. The present paper sought to establish how the social media is influencing the small and medium-sized businesses in the region, in general, as established by recent empirical research and theoretical scholarship. According to the review, there is unique relationship between the social media and the Arab world, in social, political, religious or cultural and economic spheres. This relationship has enabled the social media to uniquely impact on the Arabian market in such areas as offering (a) a marketing platform for the Information Age, (b) an avenue and forum for increased sales, (c) an innovative edge for SMEs to reduce expenditure/cost and increase profitability, and (d) a benchmark of direct client communication of modern PR. In sales and marketing, social media is now employed to attract new clientele, and increase sales within the current market base. Further, in marketing and public relations, social media has enabled and maintained direct and personalized business-to-client communication in ways previously impossible and absent.

Among the Tiv people, the human person is constituted by four basic components: The Or which refers to the human person, man or woman. The Iyol, which is the body and material part of the human person. The Uma, which is life and the Jijingi which is the spirit that is demonstrated by the shadow the body radiates. The other important aspect of the Human person for the Tiv is the Ishima (heart). In this work, we bring out the intricacies involved and evident in the divisions of the human person by the Tiv culture which in turn brings about the beauty of the African culture and the eschatology of the Tiv Culture. The question however is, does all these divisions of the human person appeal to logic and reason? How do all these work together harmoniously to form a perfect being? Are there moments of conflicts between the aspects of the person? All these are the many aspects been interrogated by this work.

Lorem throughout history human settlements have been shaped by water to a great extent. Besides being a source of sustenance, humans have needed water for several other needs including transportation and recreation. It is a known fact that past civilizations have built their cities and villages near rivers, streams, lakes or other water sources throughout the historical process. Even in modern cities, water remains an important factor in the design of open spaces and for the quality of human life. For designers, water is one of the most attractive and entrancing design elements in the design and organization of urban open spaces. Sometimes water is used as an element of aesthetics, sometimes to cool the air, supress noise, irrigate or for recreation. Over time, humans have developed several water structures like canals, fountains and ponds in an attempt to benefit from the aesthetic, psychological and vital qualities of water. In particular, street fountains situated in town centers were also a place for locals to socialize. The shapes and decorations on fountains essentially reflect social culture. This study will first briefly mention the place of water in the mythology and cosmology of different cultures before looking at the development of water structures in Anatolian culture during the Ancient and Byzantine periods with a special focus on fountains (in streets and squares). The ancient city of Sagalassos was the capital of Psiydia and was built on terraces on the SW hills of Akdag and this study will culturally and architecturally examine the monumental fountain in this settlement that was built between AD 161-180, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius to signify the prestige of the Roman Empire.

This work has studied, and has further criticized the place of the mind as posited by the monists and the dualists especially as in the treaties of Spinoza and Rene Descartes. Man is a being that possesses body and mind, and as such makes his decisions in line with the state of his mind, and for this reason, this piece, has further expanded the nature, meaning, attribute, and the place of the mind in human existence. This piece makes use of analogies in order to make the work more appreciable by the reader.

The major aim of this research study was to observe the impact of climate change on seasonal crop productivity in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in general and in Peshawar Valley in particular. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Peshawar Valley, there are two main cropping seasons (i.e., Rabi and Kharif). Peshawar valley was selected for the sole reason that most of the agricultural activities are carried out in this region of the province. The panel data regression of the study signified effect on the Kharif and Rabi crop productions of the Peshawar Valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa mainly caused by the climatic change. Under normal climatic conditions, climate variables revealed a highly positive impact on Rabi crops. Moreover, in Rabi season, a sufficient high temperature was depicted to be the source of high productivity in the Peshawar Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. However, the impact of climate on Kharif crop was though discovered to be negative. Furthermore, increased temperatures lead to decrease crop production due to the increased weed and pest proliferation. Similarly, due to the increase in temperature, crops got ripened in quick session that adversely caused the malnourished crops and less nutrient food. It is suggested that Climate knowledge should be disseminated among the farm level such as the change in rainfall and temperature patterns, shift in the tilling and harvesting timings. The current research is an asset to assist the concerned authorities by identifying the impact of climate on the two seasonal crops.

Governments all over the world today have come to accept the health of people as a public responsibility. Health is a very significant and vital factor for the prosperity of a country. Health is one of the most important indicators for socio-economic development. After independence, in India, health has been given a constitutional recognition as a major factor for the national development. Article 47 of the Directive Principles of Indian Constitution points out that the basic responsibility of the state as the promotion of health and standard of living of its people. It also, further says, ‘the state shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and improvement of public health as among the primary duties and in particular, the state shall endeavor to introduce prohibition of the consumption, except for medical purposes of intoxicating drinks or drugs which are injurious to health’. While visiting a hospital in India, one often contemplates the sheer impossibility of delivering quality health care services to the economically downtrodden. It is commonplace for poor Indians to use their life savings to access quality treatment for themselves and their loved ones. To address this problem of indebtedness of the poor due to overwhelming health costs, the Government of Andhra Pradesh launched the Rajiv Aarogyasri Health Insurance Scheme on 01-04-2007 in three backward districts of Mahaboobnagar, Anantapur and Srikakulam on pilot basis was subsequently extended to the entire state in phased manner to cover 2.3 core Below Poverty Line families in 23 districts from 17-07-2008. Thus from the past Nine years Rajiv Aarogyasri Scheme working in the state and provides health insurance to Below Poverty Line, it is the right time to evaluate the scheme and to offer suggestions to improve its performance.

The Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are considered as the engine of growth of Bangladesh economy. SMEs are generally labor intensive industries, generates employment with minimum capital investment. Therefore they are getting priority for employment generation and poverty alleviation in the least developed world. Governments are enacting SME friendly laws and policies to foster local SMEs. They are also establishing specialized institution for the promotion and development of SMEs in respective countries. Various international agencies as well as development partners are inspiring entrepreneurship development and small business promotion for employment generation, economic growth and poverty alleviation. SMEs used to grow faster local market but their entrance to international market is happing rarely. Analyzing causes of SME’s poor performance in international market is the main focus of this paper. We would like to know the challenges for the internationalization of Bangladeshi SMEs and recommend few initiatives to undertake by different stakeholders including the government for facilitating internationalization of SMEs.

An attempt is made to find out the causes of gender inequality and its impacts on honor killing in district Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan in order to chalk out policies for protecting women from gender based violence particularly honor killing. Our research study revealed that gender inequality is one of the major problems in the study area that leads to honor killing of the women. Furthermore, our study revealed that illiteracy, forced marriages, male child preference and economic dependency of women over men are major contributing factors of gender inequality. Honor killing is also getting momentum with the passage of the time in the area. According to our research survey that 10 to 12 women are being killed annually in the name of honor killing and within 5 years, 45 women are penalized to death in the district and most of the honor killing cases are taking place in Lakhi town, followed by Garhi Yaisn town, Khanpur town and Shikarpur town respectively. Presently, a large number of measures are needed to be taken in terms of economic and social spheres in order to protect women from genocide in the area.